4.4 miles, 7700 yards
1 inch per 100 yards
24.5 inches on the air.
10 foot by 7.6
1.54 MOA Wide x 1.16 MOA tall 4.4 miles.
1000 yards it would be 15.4 x 11.8 inches
3300 feet per second = 2250 mph
Dropped to 689 feet per second = 470 mph
People behind bunkers / spotters
By using their ears and triangulating what multiple spotters heard they were able to get reasonable feedback to fine-tune the shooting over the course of the morning.
1 inch per 100 yards
24.5 inches on the air.
10 foot by 7.6
1.54 MOA Wide x 1.16 MOA tall 4.4 miles.
1000 yards it would be 15.4 x 11.8 inches
3300 feet per second = 2250 mph
Dropped to 689 feet per second = 470 mph
People behind bunkers / spotters
By using their ears and triangulating what multiple spotters heard they were able to get reasonable feedback to fine-tune the shooting over the course of the morning.
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Super Long Range: 4.4 Miles, 24.5 seconds, 2500 feet elevation.
The Bullet is the best thing to tell you what is happening!
1-2 Miles per hour 26 feet.
Over 200 hours of preparation
By using their ears and triangulating what multiple spotters heard they were able to get reasonable feedback to fine-tune the shooting over the course of the morning.
People behind bunkers / spotters
1000 Yards Much More Measurable Much more doable.
500 Shots
Pointing the tube in the correct direction and making it go bang without the tube moving is the whole goal of shooting.
Pointing the tube in the correct direction and making it go bang without the tube moving is the whole goal of shooting.
1000 Yard Shooters
They go out to the Range on a calm day and are aiming dead center and they are seeing a group 10" for example (One minute for 1000 yards) to the right. They don't know if it is spin drift or Coriolis, but they know it is not landing correctly.
So then they adjust and hold 1 minute left (for example) and sure enough everything goes in the middle.
D.O.P.E. Card - Data on previous engagement.
They go out to the Range on a calm day and are aiming dead center and they are seeing a group 10" for example (One minute for 1000 yards) to the right. They don't know if it is spin drift or Coriolis, but they know it is not landing correctly.
So then they adjust and hold 1 minute left (for example) and sure enough everything goes in the middle.
D.O.P.E. Card - Data on previous engagement.
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Because Earth is a rotating sphere, the Coriolis effect deflects the flight of a bullet to the right in the Northern Hemisphere & to the left in the South. The effect is tiny in most practical shootings and only needs to be considered in long-range shootings.
Many soldiers are not trained to account for the Coriolis effect, & flat-Earthers use it to “prove” it does not exist. In reality, most soldiers do not shoot long range. It is unnecessary to consider a few mm of deflection if the target is as large as an enemy soldier.
Coriolis force is sometimes used for long range shooting. It is situation dependent, but is absolutely used in some situations for more accurate shots. When flat earthers claim Coriolis is not used for long range shooting, they are simply wrong. Below are several resources that shooters use to adjust for Coriolis.
Over and over and over and over and over again the experts tell you that at VERY LONG ranges the Coriolis and Eötvös effects matter and are used in the calculations used to aim ballistic artillery and rifle fire... to deny the VAST body of evidence on the word of some anonymous & unverified source is utterly ridiculous and just shows profound epistemic bias.
Many soldiers are not trained to account for the Coriolis effect, & flat-Earthers use it to “prove” it does not exist. In reality, most soldiers do not shoot long range. It is unnecessary to consider a few mm of deflection if the target is as large as an enemy soldier.
Coriolis force is sometimes used for long range shooting. It is situation dependent, but is absolutely used in some situations for more accurate shots. When flat earthers claim Coriolis is not used for long range shooting, they are simply wrong. Below are several resources that shooters use to adjust for Coriolis.
Over and over and over and over and over again the experts tell you that at VERY LONG ranges the Coriolis and Eötvös effects matter and are used in the calculations used to aim ballistic artillery and rifle fire... to deny the VAST body of evidence on the word of some anonymous & unverified source is utterly ridiculous and just shows profound epistemic bias.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_recorded_sniper_kills
The longest recorded sniper kills occurred at a distance of more than 3500 m using a .50 BMG round. The Coriolis deflection at such a distance will be about a meter horizontally.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_recorded_sniper_kills
The longest recorded sniper kills occurred at a distance of more than 3500 m using a .50 BMG round. The Coriolis deflection at such a distance will be about a meter horizontally.
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Coriolis force is sometimes used for long range shooting. It is situation dependent, but is absolutely used in some situations for more accurate shots. When flat earthers claim Coriolis is not used for long range shooting, they are simply wrong. Below are several resources that shooter. s use to adjust for Coriolis.
High end ballistics software has adjustments for Coriolis:
http://www.dexadine.com/bexhelp/bexhelp142.htm
High end ballistics software has adjustments for Coriolis:
http://www.dexadine.com/bexhelp/bexhelp142.htm
High-end computerized scope for long rang shooting: Revic PMR 428
Revic PMR 428 Smart Rifle ScopeDownload
Revic PMR 428 Smart Rifle ScopeDownload
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Lex Talus provides “Professional Grade Software to Solve the Difficult Trajectory Problems”. This runs on Nomad mobile computers. The software includes corrections for Coriolis.
field-firing-solutions-delta-v-manual-v-4.8Download
field-firing-solutions-delta-v-manual-v-4.8Download
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The CHEYTAC LONG RANGE RIFLE SYSTEM INTERVENTION TACTICAL SYSTEM includes an Advanced Ballistic Computer. This computer includes corrections based on Coriolis
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Unlike smaller guns and ballistics, the situation is very different for large guns such as artillery, tanks or guns aboard navy vessels. Here the range can be many miles. The army field manual indicates that for artillery, corrections for the Coriolis force must be made.
The 1945 Army Field Manual says the following:
Rotation of the earth. The rotation of the earth affects the location of the point of impact of the projectile in range and direction. The magnitude of these effects depends upon the latitude of the gun position, the direction of fire, and the range to the target [pg 4].
Corrections for Rotation of the Earth. The firing tables for certain long-range weapons give the range and deflection effects of the rotation of the earth. These effects may be combined with the effects due to nonstandard conditions of weather and material, and the corrections applied in the same manner. For heavy artillery , rotation of the earth effects always should be considered and applied as additional range and deflection corrections. The latitude of the piece is obtained from a map. [p. 142].
The 1945 Army Field Manual says the following:
Rotation of the earth. The rotation of the earth affects the location of the point of impact of the projectile in range and direction. The magnitude of these effects depends upon the latitude of the gun position, the direction of fire, and the range to the target [pg 4].
Corrections for Rotation of the Earth. The firing tables for certain long-range weapons give the range and deflection effects of the rotation of the earth. These effects may be combined with the effects due to nonstandard conditions of weather and material, and the corrections applied in the same manner. For heavy artillery , rotation of the earth effects always should be considered and applied as additional range and deflection corrections. The latitude of the piece is obtained from a map. [p. 142].
You got some wheels over here for wind speed, curvature of the earth, Coriolis effect and things like that that are going to impact your shells flight pattern.
Battleship New Jersey
USS New Jersey's main battery consisted of three turrets, each with three Mark 7 16-inch/50-caliber gun barrels.
Battleship New Jersey
USS New Jersey's main battery consisted of three turrets, each with three Mark 7 16-inch/50-caliber gun barrels.
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Coriolis Corrections for Artillery
Artillery projectiles travel a long distance and spend a considerable amount of time in the air. The longer a projectile is in the air, and the farther it travels, the more Coriolis affects it. For this reason, the military have compiled tables to include adjustments for Coriolis when calculating firing solutions for artillery. Below are a few examples of these table
OP 770 Range Tables for 16″/50 Caliber Gun, Mark D October 1941
This Navy manual has the range tables for the 16 inch/50 caliber gun, Mark D. These are the instructions for developing a firing solution for the gun. This includes adjustments due to the rotation of the earth.
op-770-range-tables-for-16inch-50-caliber-gun-1Download
op-770-range-tables-for-16inch-50-caliber-gun-2Download
Artillery projectiles travel a long distance and spend a considerable amount of time in the air. The longer a projectile is in the air, and the farther it travels, the more Coriolis affects it. For this reason, the military have compiled tables to include adjustments for Coriolis when calculating firing solutions for artillery. Below are a few examples of these table
OP 770 Range Tables for 16″/50 Caliber Gun, Mark D October 1941
This Navy manual has the range tables for the 16 inch/50 caliber gun, Mark D. These are the instructions for developing a firing solution for the gun. This includes adjustments due to the rotation of the earth.
op-770-range-tables-for-16inch-50-caliber-gun-1Download
op-770-range-tables-for-16inch-50-caliber-gun-2Download
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http://walter.bislins.ch/bloge/index.asp?page=Field+Artillery+Manual+accounts+for+Earth%27s+Rotation
Field Artillery Manual accounts for Earth's Rotation
Manual that shows that in Field Artillery the rotation of the Earth is taken into account. They have to correct for the vertical (range) and horizontal (azimuth deviation) components of the Coriolis acceleration.
Field Artillery Manual accounts for Earth's Rotation
Manual that shows that in Field Artillery the rotation of the Earth is taken into account. They have to correct for the vertical (range) and horizontal (azimuth deviation) components of the Coriolis acceleration.
https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tc3_09x81.pdf
From Principles of Guided Missiles and Nuclear Weapons
"The CORIOLIS FORCE must also be compensated for. It is *caused by the earth's rotation,* and tends to deflect a missile to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere." http://archive.hnsa.org/doc/missile/index.htm "The amount of deviation produced by the *coriolis force* depends on the latitude, length, and direction of the missile flight. "
"The CORIOLIS FORCE must also be compensated for. It is *caused by the earth's rotation,* and tends to deflect a missile to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere." http://archive.hnsa.org/doc/missile/index.htm "The amount of deviation produced by the *coriolis force* depends on the latitude, length, and direction of the missile flight. "
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Application to Long-Range Artillery - Shelling Paris in WW1
The Paris Gun - "The distance was so far that the Coriolis effect — the *rotation of the Earth* — was substantial enough to affect trajectory calculations." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Gun
The Paris Gun - "The distance was so far that the Coriolis effect — the *rotation of the Earth* — was substantial enough to affect trajectory calculations." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Gun
**Evidence and Research on Coriolis**
FIELD ARTILLERY, VOL 6, BALLISTICS AND AMMUNITION
"The next important factor in drift is *Coriolis acceleration.* ... It would be present if the projectile were fired in a vacuum. It does, however, depend on the latitude and gearing of the gun and on its range. Its effect is opposite north and south of the equator. For long range guns it is sometimes almost as great as the gyroscopic effect."
FIELD ARTILLERY, VOL 6, BALLISTICS AND AMMUNITION
"The next important factor in drift is *Coriolis acceleration.* ... It would be present if the projectile were fired in a vacuum. It does, however, depend on the latitude and gearing of the gun and on its range. Its effect is opposite north and south of the equator. For long range guns it is sometimes almost as great as the gyroscopic effect."
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THE PRODUCTION OF FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON ARTILLERY, 1967
This document from 1967 includes step by step adjustments for developing a firing solution for artillery. There are two tables included to adjust for Coriolis. One to adjust the range, the other to adjust the azimuth.
https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/AD826735.xhtml
THE PRODUCTION OF FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON ARTILLERY 1967Download
This document from 1967 includes step by step adjustments for developing a firing solution for artillery. There are two tables included to adjust for Coriolis. One to adjust the range, the other to adjust the azimuth.
https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/AD826735.xhtml
THE PRODUCTION OF FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON ARTILLERY 1967Download
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Flat Earthers will often claim that military ballistics doesn't need to take Earth curvature into account.
Ordnance Pamphlet No. 770 begs to differ:
US Navy: OP 770 -- RANGE TABLES FOR 16"/50 CALIBER GUN
Ordnance Pamphlet No. 770 begs to differ:
US Navy: OP 770 -- RANGE TABLES FOR 16"/50 CALIBER GUN
Arms Guide, "Coriolis effect affects everything not firmly attached to the Earth’s surface." , "the vertical component of the trajectory is called Eötvös Effect. " - http://thearmsguide.com/5329/external-ballistics-the-coriolis-effect-6-theory-section/
Long Range Shooters "Coriolis makes the projectile appear to curve" - http://longrangeshooter.com/2008/05/coriolis-effect/
Applied Ballistics, "There are horizontal and vertical components to Coriolis acceleration." - http://www.appliedballisticsllc.com/spindrift.html
Ballistics calculators that incorporate coriolis must be wrong? - at JBM, http://www.jbmballistics.com/ballistics/calculators/calculators.shtml
Gunwerks, lang range ballistics manufacturer and instruction (in my video)- http://www.gunwerks.com/Long-Range-University/Videos/Long-Range-Ballistics-Videos
An airplane's Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) "must continually correct for a plane's tendency to drift off course because of _Earth's rotational acceleration,_ a consequence of the so-called _Coriolis force."_ From *Inertial Navigation And Flight* - http://science.jrank.org/pages/3581/Inertial-Guidance-Inertial-navigation-flight.html
From Newton's Laws Applied to Navigation - "A firm understanding of four concepts is required to obtain (velocity) from Newton's Laws: gravity, attitude, Earth-referenced velocity and the _Coriolis theorem."_ https://books.google.com/books?id=44aF0_rp49AC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=inertial+navigation+system+earth+coriolis&source=bl&ots=KHhbZgZryX&sig=jMWsrDOhIoQK0z2K-orFs5C3lkM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEgQ6AEwB2oVChMIk-C5qq-ExgIVTFuICh1PogAv#v=onepage&q=inertial navigation system earth coriolis&f=false
And from Institude of Flight System Dynamics - "In a sequential process of levelling and gyro compassing the initial orientation could be derived, when the Earth’s rate of _rotation_ can be sufficiently resolved..." http://www.fsd.mw.tum.de/research/sensors-data-fusion-and-navigation/inertial-navigation/
This is how the aircraft continually correct itself as it is flying along a precise ground track.
These constant small Roll Corrections are how the aircraft compensates for crosswind and the Coriolis Effect.
These constant small Roll Corrections are how the aircraft compensates for crosswind and the Coriolis Effect.
Spin
Airplanes DO correct for Corilois effect
Centrifual force exactly as a sphere predicts
Eötvös Effect: Direct Evidence Earth is a Rotating Sphere
Long-Range Snipers and the Coriolis & Eötvös Effects
Artillery
Ring Laser Gyroscope
The Foucault Pendulum Proves Spherical and Rotating Earth
Earth is an inertial reference frame
Explains precession
firing-vertically
Slow spin not fast, so perfectly works (angular speed vs tangential speed)
Bogus vortex model and relative speeds
Orbital spin explains seasons and why they are as long as they are
Orbital inclination and why we do not see eclipses every month
Keplers laws exact predict orbiting earth trajectory, change of speeds, etc.
Cyclonic Rotation: The Direction a Cyclone or Hurricane Rotates
Gyrocompass, Sagnac interferometer, Michelson-Gale-Pearson experiment, Compton
Airplanes DO correct for Corilois effect
Centrifual force exactly as a sphere predicts
Eötvös Effect: Direct Evidence Earth is a Rotating Sphere
Long-Range Snipers and the Coriolis & Eötvös Effects
Artillery
Ring Laser Gyroscope
The Foucault Pendulum Proves Spherical and Rotating Earth
Earth is an inertial reference frame
Explains precession
firing-vertically
Slow spin not fast, so perfectly works (angular speed vs tangential speed)
Bogus vortex model and relative speeds
Orbital spin explains seasons and why they are as long as they are
Orbital inclination and why we do not see eclipses every month
Keplers laws exact predict orbiting earth trajectory, change of speeds, etc.
Cyclonic Rotation: The Direction a Cyclone or Hurricane Rotates
Gyrocompass, Sagnac interferometer, Michelson-Gale-Pearson experiment, Compton