Peer-reviewed publications measuring the rotation of the earth
1) Chandler Wobble
  • 2) Deep underground rotation measurements: GINGERino ring laser gyroscope in Gran Sasso
    • “The system provides Earth rotation rate measurements as well as seismic rotational data thanks to a dedicated architecture for laser remote control, data acquisition and data transfer.”
    • Link to published PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1702.02789.pdf
  • 4) Earth rotation measured by a chip-scale ring laser gyroscope
    • “Here, we report a gyroscope using Brillouin ring lasers on a silicon chip. Its stability and sensitivity enable measurement of Earth’s rotation, representing a major milestone for this new class of gyroscope.”
    • Link to published article: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-0588-y
Picture
5) New Chip-Based Laser Gyroscope Measures Earth's Rotation

​Today, there are two kinds in widespread use: optical gyroscopes, which are extremely sensitive but also expensive, and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) gyroscopes, which are inexpensive and easy to manufacture, but much less sensitive to rotation.

Optical gyroscopes are used in applications such as aircraft navigation systems, while MEMS gyroscopes are found in devices like smart phones. For the last few decades, researchers have wondered whether it would be possible to bridge the gap between these two technologies and create a new type of gyroscope that combines the precision of laser gyroscopes with the ease of manufacture of MEMS gyroscopes. Now, Caltech scientists have developed an optical gyroscope that marries some of the best characteristics of each into one device.

The new type of gyroscope has achieved something considered a benchmark for gyroscopes: the ability to measure the rotation of the earth.
https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/new-chip-based-laser-gyroscope-measures-earths-rotation
  • 6) Experiment to Internally Measure the Earth’s Rotating Speed and the Calculation Comparison with the Relativistic Treatment
Picture
  • 8) Precision Rotation Measurements with an Atom Interferometer Gyroscope
    • “We have measured the Earth’s
      rotation rate, and demonstrated a short-term sensitivity to rotations of 2×10^-8 (rad/s) sqrt(Hz).”
    • Link: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2046

      Large-area Sagnac atom interferometer with robust phase read out
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631070514001388
Measurements not based on optical gyroscopes
​
Picture
  • 10) An Apparatus for Measuring the Speed of Rotation of the Earth (1904).
  • 11) Detection of earth rotation with a diamagnetically levitating gyroscope
    • “…we have measured the earth rotation by using a 2 cm diameter plastic ball suspended in a magnetic field of about 15 T.”
      Strong magnetic fields allow levitation of apparently nonmagnetic substances due to their weak but not negligible diamagnetic response of about 10. Importantly, the diamagnetic force compensates gravity on the level of individual atoms and molecules and, therefore, can be used to mimic a continuous zero-gravity environment that, otherwise, is only achievable on board of a space station. Here we employ this earth-bound low gravity to demonstrate a simple mechanical gyroscope with sensitivity already comparable to that achieved by quantum and military gyroscopes.
    • Link to publication: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921452600007535
    • Direct PDF Download: Detection of earth rotation with a diamagnetically levitating gyroscope
Picture
How Arthur Compton computed Latitude, direction to North, and length of a day

​The apparatus is astonishingly simple - a round tube of water containing a mixture of coal oil and carbon tetrachloride of the same density as water in a constant temperature environment near freezing to minimize thermal influences and a microscope mounted for observing the motion of the fluid (one configuration projected the image on a screen).  The tube was made more narrow at the point of observation as this amplifies the speed of the water moving past that point (the speeds in question are on the order of watching a minute hand on a watch move so proper care must be taken).

Here's the basic idea.  The circular tube is filled with water and the tube is rotating along with the Earth.  After some time, the rotational speed of the water will match the rotational speed of the tube and there will be no relative motion between the two.  At this point, flip the tube over 180 degrees.  The water will tend to keep rotating in the direction it was going in while the tube will now be moving in the opposite direction.  By measuring the speed of the water, you get a measure of the Earth's rotational speed.

Big deal you say.  A Foucault pendulum can give the same results you say.  Well, as it turns out, it has a few drawbacks with respect to Compton's apparatus.  Consider the case where either apparatus wasn't sitting at the Earth's pole.  Then, you only get a measure of the Earth's rotation with respect to the axis of rotation perpendicular to the horizontal plane at your location.  With a pendulum, you're done.  You can show that the Earth  is rotating, and knowing your location on the Earth, and making an assumption about the Earth's axis of rotation, you can determine how quickly the Earth is rotating.  The annoying part, however, is making that assumption about the Earth's axis of rotation.  With Compton's apparatus, you simply make two more measurements.  Your second measurement is made with the plane of the ring perpendicular to the horizontal plane at your location.  Then, you merely rotate the tube 90 degrees while still keeping it's plane perpendicular to horizontal.  You now have three perpendicular components of the Earth's rotational speed and can re-construct both the Earth's total rotational speed and the direction of the axis of location.

American Physical Society's Physical Review article on Compton's apparatus
http://prola.aps.org.lib-ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/abstract/PR/v5/i2/p109_1
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.5.109
Resources on Coriolis forces use in external ballisticsOver and over and over and over and over again the experts tell you that at VERY LONG ranges the Coriolis and Eötvös effects matter and are used in the calculations used to aim ballistic artillery and rifle fire... to deny the VAST body of evidence on the word of some anonymous & unverified source is utterly ridiculous and just shows profound epistemic bias.

Application to Long-Range Artillery - Shelling Paris in WW1

Military: THE FIELD ARTILLERY JOURNAL (1918)

Fire Control Fundamentals (287389 O-54-4)

Long Range Shooting: External Ballistics – The Coriolis Effect

Earth's Curvature and Battleship Gunnery (Blog)

US Navy: OP 770 -- RANGE TABLES FOR 16"/50 CALIBER GUN

4DOF™ Ballistic Calculator